Tempography: what is this, Who and why do you need – Bits Media

by
Темпография: что это, кому и зачем нужно - Bits Media

Tempography - a set of methods of protection and attack on decentralized and distributed networks of the new generation, such as blockchain solutions or dags, based on the use of temporary anomalies.

Introduction

In short, Tempography is a set Methods of protection and attacks on decentralized and/or distributed networks (Next - DR) new generation with consensus, Evercity blockchain solutions or dags, based on the use of temporary anomalies. Maybe, not everything is obvious even after determining: And this is normal, since the tempography from the strength of three or four years, And those methods and techniques, which are in the base, They are not far away: Maybe, The countdown should start from the mid-1970s.

Therefore, it's time to figure it out. And I'll start with the obvious - with examples.

Examples of tempography

Imagine the following situations first:

  • Zero time, That is, time, which stopped; 

  • Inverted time, That is, time, which went backwards;

  • parallel time, That is, which somehow appeared outside the main ...

Seems, that all this is fantasy? Fantasy game? No, This is the reality of the DR.

Zero time

Solana became famous for them. In this network, Among other things, There is part of the consensus algorithm under the code name POH(We read more in White Paper). It is important for us, that Solana works as a standard, Global, time, and with local. And local, in its turn, repeatedly deviated from the global. Example: "problem (was) It is caused by an increase in the period, which is required by the validator, to send a block to the network (slot time)».

SOLANA became famous for those, what with 2021 years have become more and more often and more often to go for lunch: I considered this problem in one of the previous articles. But what is happening at this time over time? With the very local time, which is not only Solana, but also at the Bitcoin network, Ethereum and many other similar? It stops. Until what moment? Usually, Before the so -called social consensus.

Therefore, zero time is not a fantasy, But reality. Inside DR. You can use it as a good, Set and in evil:

  • In evil, eg, Jointing with any type of attack of Sivilla: While the network is "in the disconnected state", and NOD holders agree among themselves, little is between an ordinary user and fable transactions; 

  • In mild, eg, If zero (local) The time of one network is the basis for creating a genesis block of another network.

I will not be surprised, If nets appear in the near future, which will be exclusively playing the role of temporary oracles. But let's go further.

Inverted time

This time has several subsidies:

  • Let's say, If we are talking about breaking Binance Hub, then first stopped and became, respectively, zero inside the system, and then it was restarted and returned back to several blocks. That is, there was a parallelization of the present through a return to the stop point in the past. Something similar was in the dusk of Harmony after hacking their bridge. That is, inversion lies in that, that the blocks go in a direct sequence (The height is not violated), but the integrity of the chain is violated due to the removal of a number of them to a certain value.

  • Second The approach of inverted time of a different: It is characteristic, eg, Bitcoin network: Block X+1 appears in the main chain earlier, than block x. Why is it possible? Because the discrepancy in synchronization between the nods can be up to two full -fledged hours and is inherited from the era of Satoshi: “Temporary label (timestamp) It is considered real, if it is more than a median temporary mark of the previous 11 blocks, And less, than the time with the network (+ 2 o'clock). “Time adjusted for the network” - median temporary tags, returned by all nodes, connected to the network ".

  • Finally, The third approach of temporary inversion. Blockchain is created, where the block is set, Let's say 1 000 000 000, and then the countdown is the countdown. That is, then there will be a block 999 999 999, Then 999 999 998 and so on. Up to it to the anti-genesis block: 0 (zero block). 

The latter case is very well suited for chronocapsul. We will talk about them separately, But you can briefly explain as follows: This is a multisig, like that, what is created in Lighting Network, where the time parameters and other parameters are determined by the parties.

And here is an example of the current chronocapsula inside the Bitcoin network:

  • Imagine, that you sent a Bitcoin transaction to the future, That is, it will become available on a specific block - the standard mechanism, built into this DRS.

  • So you set the first part of the time period. Then, Knowing the main zones of exposure to the Bitcoin network - halving (210 000 blocks), Recalculation of complexity (2016 blocks) and so on, - Create a blockchain a, which is counting and creates blocks, Let's say, Every hour. Calculate, that during the period of sending a transaction must be created under normal conditions N blocks. So get the second number of a given range. For example, I made this test page on ChatGPT.

  • Finally, calculate the error and think, that the transaction in the blockchain x (Let - in the Ethereum) will be committed only in that case, If absolute difference (By module) Between the time of the appearance of the block in the blockchain of bitcoin and in the blockchain A is no more than 48 hours. In any other case, the transaction will wait for the next period.

Why is it necessary? for instance, so that no one can get some assets before the set time: whether it is an inheritance or a digital property belonging to a certain Tao. At the same time in a stable network, right now, In early May 2023 of the year, transactions in the same bitcoin are very expensive, And due to the overload of the mempoule, the completion time can be calculated for days, not for hours.

But this is not all.

Parallel time and era of interactiveness

Today there are three ways to achieve functional compatibility of assets:

  • Create a single environment existence: whether the EVM-block is or parachain intracadot, hub in cosmos, Sabchans in Avalanche.

  • Create unified tools, existing initially in any of the interacting, Let's say, (w) NFT.

  • Create a system of oracles, able to check the initial and final conditions of the existence of assets.

    • There is not a single contradiction for that, to combine all methods into one. And the most interesting: All three are a direct confirmation of parallel time. Judge for yourself:

  • When you go to the first -generation bridge and make an exchange, then actually freeze the asset in one network (пусть будет ETH в сети Эфириума) и создаете его аналог в другой (пусть будет wETH в сети Polygon). In this way, важно не только, что актив заморожен в сети Эфира, but that the time for this asset in the DRS with the permitted degree of detail of the discrepancies is the same: Otherwise we will know, that the money returned through the bridge back? True - nothing; 

  • In any multi -minute, by definition, localized and local time is not the same: Localized - global for the entire multi -minute, And local – Locally exclusively for its part.

    • But what is the practical meaning in all this? Especially - here and now? 

    MEV bots and their friends in time

    Let's start with an example, once published on bits.media: “The alarm clock allows the network users in advance plan Future transactions, Determining the address of the recipient, The amount and the desired transaction time. Also, users must pay for gas fees in advance ". So, there, where something appears with the word "in advance" or its synonyms is the tempography. But where is this constantly happening? Right: MEV bots.

    What are they? MEV - the maximum extracted cost (Maximal Extractable Value): “In theory, determination of transactions in the block should validators, In practice, this is done (searchers), Independent participants who are looking for potentially profitable transactions and launch their bots in them. The validators still win a little, Because the Servers put gas fu above the average, And the delta goes to the validators in return for the increased probability of turning on the transaction in the nearest block ".

    Therefore, in fact MEV work in accelerated time. And this is not just arbitration, but thin settings inside the so -called "dark forest" Ethereum, which they are trying to master in a positive channel, And in the negative. More about attacks of this sample can be read at the link: If the topic is interesting, then I will describe modern methods of protection and attacks in such a channel. Moreover, the characters are like Jaredfromsubway.eth are becoming more and more popular.

    But what is important for us:

  • MEV bots and mechanisms of their confrontation are the practice of tempography, which in 2020-2023 years have received new development due to the growth of TVL and, Consequently, projects, which these same blocked funds want to divide among themselves.

  • MEV bots not only optimize the speed of transaction execution (And their behavior correlates with the network commissions), but also creates a complex system of parallel time:   

    • Tempography: what is this, Who and why do you need - Bits Media

    In this way, With the growth of the complexity of the architecture of the DRS, The significance of the tempography will increase by exponent. In particular, They will affect this:

  • Sharding and other scaling methods, since they are initially aimed at parallel (local) time.

  • DAG Evolution. Solutions, Such as Byteball, hashgraph, Tangle and the like, The concept is also maintained in a parallel (local) time.

  • Multi and/or cross -case solutions, Which are already faced with all the conclusions of this article in practice.

    • Of course, These are not all theses, but, think, that for starters is enough: Write comments on the forum and in the telegram channel, Share an article with friends and

    To!